Web

Guides on web design, getting a website built, speed, user experience and technical foundations.

300 posts

401 Unauthorized Error: What It Means and How to Fix It

A 401 unauthorized error means missing credentials. Learn the 403 difference, Basic Auth and .htpasswd setup, cPanel, WordPress, API tokens and staging SEO.

500 Internal Server Error: What It Means and How to Fix It

Fix an HTTP 500 error in order: error log, .htaccess, PHP version, memory_limit, file permissions, WordPress plugins, cPanel and VPS steps, plus the effect on Google crawling.

502 Bad Gateway Error: What It Means and How to Fix It

A 502 Bad Gateway error points to a problem between a reverse proxy and its upstream. Learn the causes, PHP-FPM and nginx settings, Cloudflare codes and fixes by role.

What Is IOPS? Disk Performance, NVMe SSDs and fio Testing

Learn how IOPS, throughput and latency differ, how HDD, SATA SSD and NVMe compare, what it means for databases and WordPress, and how to measure with fio, based on official docs.

Linux Package Mirror: What It Is and How to Choose One

What is a Linux package mirror and how does it affect apt and dnf updates? We explain sources and repo files, GPG verification, mirror choice and when a private mirror makes sense.

What Is Anycast DNS? Faster, More Resilient DNS Explained

Anycast DNS announces one IP address from many locations and sends each query to the nearest node. We explain how it works, where it falls short and when it makes a real difference.

What Is Traceroute? How to Use and Read Tracert Output

Traceroute (tracert) shows which routers your packets cross on the way to a server. We explain TTL, the commands, each output line and the false alarms that fool beginners.